Collaboration and Cooperation Modeling Information System

Question: Discuss about the Collaboration and Cooperation Modeling Information System. Answer: Introduction There are many scholars that believed that the tourism is basically advantageous for the environment. By comparing with various other established industries, tourism doesnt look to be less harmful when compared with other industries like manufacturing sector (Baggio 2011). It could be easily argued that as the climate, wildlife, vegetation, as well as geology play huge role in the process of attracting the tourism, the industry holds its stake in preserving the environment, on which it actually relies upon. Simultaneously, travel offers the economic ways like the America, and Europe promotes the tourism by preservation and restoration of historic sites (Baggio 2011). Tourism also tries to promote the natural resources conservation in particular places like Africa through setting up the reserves and national parks. In certain cases the developing countries, tourism comes with the required foreign exchange like the demand for the local items, job opportunities and local infrastructure enhancement (Baggio 2011). It can be primarily cleared through the arguments that, tourism and the benefits of environment rely on one another. However, this doesnt seem to take into account that undertaking the tourist areas capacity. The carrying capacity notion limits the natural resources usage (Baggio 2011). The environment will fundamentally damage if it's overused, and in case it limits in undertaking the position and its surpassed, then, in that case, the ecosystem will be highly loose to be sustainable and get damage for an extended time. As most of the countries in particular stage of development of tourism holds no control over actual planning for the tourism, then in that case the undertaking capacity of the environment will be considered and abused (Baggio 2011). It could be the case in the developing position in the current period; therefore, most of the scholars often argue that it might go conflicting, instead of the symbiotic relationship between the environment and tourism. The Singapore tourist promotion board was set up in the year 1964 by the mandate for the purpose of promoting the Singapore the popular tourist destination. The company started working with the support of the small team of 25 people and in the same year, the company had a witness around 91000 visitors (Baggio and Baggio 2013). The company created the Merlion that acted as the symbol of marketing campaigns. Tourist guide training, as well as travel agent licensing, was also set up and by the year 1960, and 70, tourist attractions and infrastructure development like Jurong Bird Park was encouraged actively by the company (Baggio and Baggio 2013). In the year 1980, the board also tried to implement the historic districts like the Chinatown as well as rejuvenation on the river of Singapore. All these things that happened in Singapore are still standing in the tourist sector of Singapore till today (Baggio and Baggio 2013). All types of industrial development will try to come up with effects on the physical environment of the country. The environment quality that is both man-made as well as natural is important for the tourism. The tourist industry of Singapore tries to dominate the economy of the country (Baggio and Baggio 2013). In the policy of post-independence of both the urban and the economic growth, the country is trying to transform the mostly moderate increasing colonial position of trading towards the predominately high growing modern city-state of post industry. In the process of development, while the vast areas related to the nature vegetation is cleared, the greenery network is highly introduced towards enhancing the urban environment quality and even trying to transform the Singapore towards the garden city of the world (Baggio and Baggio 2013). However, the relationship of tourism in the environment is highly complex that includes various negative and positive effects on the environment (Baggio and Baggio 2013). Concepts and relevant theories The chaos theory mentions that the system of tourism is highly characteristic, which makes it more complicated. The description provided to the previous management of the crisis is relied on the underlying assumptions related to linearity (Baggio and Sainaghi 2011). Indeed, the term linearity, which is proposed by many models by the support of various progressive stages that are all pre, during, and happen post-crisis in different cases, and even insufficiently swiftly tries to deal with the various types of crisis. For example, Baggio and Sainaghi (2011) seek to apply the proposed framework of Faulkner-related to the disaster of tourism over both the mouth and foot outbreak within the UK that concludes the structure, in spite of the usefulness and even hold less efficiency as not all the disasters are frequent (Baggio and Sainaghi 2011). It is noted that the chaos theory principles require to highly adopt for analyzing the system of tourism and even need to be managed by the environ ment, in which travel functions just like the non-linear sector. Chaos theory offers the clarification over the unforeseen and unanticipated results and even centralized the long term forecast unfeasibility (Baggio and Sainaghi 2011). In contrast with the linear systems, the system of chaotic is highly subject to the stability forces and instability forces that push towards the chaos. As per the chaos theory that tries to develop the system, it also view the large, complex, non-linear system behaviour, which characterised through the technical and social communication between the actors and components (Baggio, Scott and Cooper 2010). Along with this, the chaos theory emphasizes over the initial tendency of small changes, which slowly tries to create the huge accumulative as well as unpredictable impact accelerating the necessary system alternations. Finally, as per the Baggio, Scott, and Cooper (2010), about the traditional theories, externalities are highly referred as regular and significant in shaping the system. Chaos theory recommends that everything going within the system relies in the liquid state, and any kind of situation is basically illusionary and various catalyst are highly attained through the dislocation of system through the present condition; therefore, it creates the disadvantageous and advantageous outcomes, and even leave the prediction (Baggio, Scott and Cooper 2010). Nevertheless, the approach of chaos tries to pursue the order as well as predictability, even though it happen without the causal as well as deterministic patterns. The chaos theory tries to explain the non-linear system behavior at the high complexity level and then describe the series of concepts and attempts to organize the components of the compound system (Baggio, Scott, and Cooper 2010). As per Campanharo, Sirer, Malmgren, Ramos and Amaral (2011), there is some degree of order in the chaotic system. It tries to drive through the evidence which explains the chaotic characteristics, which is operated among the stability and instability and even in the boundaries (Campanharo, Sirer, Malmgren, Ramos and Amaral 2011). Relying on the non-deterministic logic, the theory of chaos includes various principles. As per Carlsen (1999), companies tries to exhibit different chaotic system qualitative properties. The author even attempts to summarize the properties in around six propositions, such as in the result of the existence of counteracting forces, companys gets chaotic. Next is that organizational stability path, chaos follows the different change process; even small changes can get unpredictable outcomes for the long term in the company. Through the chaos, new balance, which is assimilated towards configuration of a company often gets arise. Next is that common patterns need to be explored on various scales (Campanharo, Sirer, Malmgren, Ramos and Amaral 2011). Common patterns need to be investigated at different levels, and in the single lifespan of an organization, collective actions need not create similar results. For understanding the changes taking place in the Singapore tourism at the time of crisis, the theory of chaos place various theoretical concepts such as lock-in effect, self-organization, the edge of chaos, etc. the butterfly impact, which is also known as SDIC (Sensitive dependence on initial conditions (Chao and Jin-Li 2012). It implies over the fact that primary non-important changes in the starting development stages might lead towards the chain reaction that creates climax towards the massive results production, and the same can dramatically shift the system structure (Chao and Jin-Li 2012). Cole (2009) tries to argue that necessary changes might happen and might create influence on the environment in corporate/ global/national level. Along with this, the effect of small environmental changes and the initial condition re lated to the small measurement tries to create complicacy in the situation (Cole 2009). Therefore, the shortage of frequency in the initial conditions and analyzing its effect, along with related predictability reduction, create challenge the accurate forecast about the system behavior for long term (Cole 2009). Due to the butterfly impact on the tourism, various events are trying to come up with brain chain changes towards the destinations. All these changes might leave a positive or either negative outcome (Cole 2009). The theory of Chaos offers the insights for analysing the huge as well as complex system of chaos in the tourism and set the boundaries for making the decisions for short term. This is considered as important for the tourism, as various crisis tries to form the changes. Therefore, even though the system attempting to operate in complexity, the theory of chaos offers the data, which seeks to examine the industrial evolution and multifaceted communication between the stakeholders of tourism (Cole 2009). Moreover, the interlinked relationships of actors of the system of chaos tourism require being understood, in the context of setting up the policy goals for the sustainable destination development. As Cole (2009) recommended that the shortage of participation of various stakeholders in the tourism planning and policy-making often leads towards the insufficient and integrated approach to sustainable development (Cole 2009). The failure towards addressing the problems that are highly perceived as important in the sustainable development of tourism could lead towards the shortage of structured approach towards planning and implementation of policy. In this context, by analyzing the conditions of destination environment and every contribution of stakeholder towards the development of policy, sustainable systems could be easily proposed and implemented successfully (Cooper, Fletcher, Gilbert, Fayall and Wanhill 2005). Research methodology In this research, both the interpretive and qualitative approaches is adopted in this study by increasing the investigation scope towards the transformation of the system of Singapore tourism, due to the outcome of communicating international local forces. It needs the proper implementation of the destination strategies of management for the purpose of contributing towards the Cyprus sustainable development (da Fontoura Costa, Rodrigues, Travieso and Villas Boas 2007). Moreover, this approach is mainly applied for the purpose of examining the measures of policy related to Cypriot officials about the development of sustainable tourism and whether this policy formulation tries to calculate the various crucial for the occurrences (Donner, Small, Donges, Marwan, Zou, Xiang and Kurths 2010). Data is gathered from the different sources of fact for the purpose of enhancing the reliability as well as the validity of findings. Firstly, the literature review is initiated over the Singapore tou rism development and its evolution with the period. The results are highly compiled in a single document, and its also served as the way for undertaking the analysis (Donner, Small, Donges, Marwan, Zou, Xiang and Kurths 2010). The empirical analysis relies on the information gathered by the help of official reports and documents related to Singapore tourism along with semi-structured interviews that are highly undertaken by the policy makers of tourism and tourism professionals representatives (Donner, Small, Donges, Marwan, Zou, Xiang and Kurths 2010). In this research interview will be conducted with the help of policymakers of tourism of few companies such as Singapore tourism organization and Singapore investment promotion agency in their own offices (Farrell and Twining-Ward 2004). The research will also include representatives of government that will be contacted from ministry of tourism and commerce, who were not interviewed for the purpose of avoiding the political base and for evaluating the policy measures efficiency and mainly due to the strategic plans for the purpose of formulating as well as implementing the Singapore tourism organization (Farrell and Twining-Ward 2004). The interview will also be conducted with the help of hotel managers in Singapore, along with other tour agents and professionals of tourism for analyzing the effect of various events on Singapore tourism and responding towards the policies over the side of suppliers. The interview will last for around 30 minutes and will be undertaken in the interviewee office (Faulkner and Russell 2001). All the interview will be taped and translated in the English language. Information was made iteratively by adopting the constant method of comparison that aimed towards finding the emerging themes and finally reveal about the relationship (Faulkner and Valerio 1995). For understanding the Singapore system of tourism, its transformations, and characteristics the examination of its evolution is primarily initiated. For this only reason, the learning includes the starting of the tourism industry in the Singapore till today. For this reason, the disruptions and fluctuations in the system of Singapore tourism could be highly comprehensively learned within the context of continuous changing. Thats the reason, why analysis adopted the examination of Singapore tourism by taking to explore the specific milestones, which impacted the qualities and status (Framke 2002). The analysis highly indicates the various areas of themes, such as state and evolution of the Singapore tourism since the starting of 2001; tourism development in Singapore through the support of chaotic angle, and the Singapore Tourism chaotic state after the year 2001 (Framke 2002). Data in every thematic area is cross checked for the purpose of gathering content and accuracy by the support of comparing the meaning and moving back in the last facts of research. This helped in exploring the contradictions and patterns in the information that improved the crisis understanding in the tourism system of Singapore. Finally, by setting up the trustworthiness of the upcoming themes, the findings summary is presented to the two researchers (Framke 2002). The feedback that is attained was related to the agreement with the underlying issues. Results and Analysis Strength- Singapore is one of the top leading destination for tourism in Asia, which reflect about how the developed countries are in the context of tourism and growing rapidly. Its also considered as one of the top business destination for the firm groups due to its world class establish an economy, and its also the centralized location that is highly accessible (McKercher 1999). As the country has the vibrant economy, it tries to attract the investors to start the benefit. Singapore is also referred as the safest country in the world, and its a cosmopolitism country as it includes people of different races and still lives in harmony. The next resort will be Marina Bay Sands thats the destination for premium entertainment along with various facilities and attractions. Marina Bay Sands is located near Marina Bay waterfront along with lotus-inspired Museum, sky park crystal pavilions that are floating, and hotel towers (McKercher 1999). The retail store is the famous branding trendy entertainment at theaters, nightclubs, celebrity chef restaurants, along with casino of Las Vegas style. Visitors at business centre also enjoy the incentives, meetings, exhibitions and conventions facilities, which feature the technology of state of the art. Marina Bay Sands includes the leisure and business that create more enjoyment. Weakness- the highest weakness of Singapore is considered as scarcity of land. As the country is small, there are less raw resources, and land holds great significance. There is some natural environment, which is better from attraction point of view, where else others are occupied by the domestic home (McKercher 1999). Various natural attractions are quite limited; therefore, the government had tried to create the natural attractions that are manmade, such as present ABC water project of Kallang River Bishan Park. In comparison with other countries of the world, for instance, China, Singapore can only give the particular tourist. Critical resources such as gas, water and power are bought through the countries like Malaysia and Indonesia; this depicts the raw resource limitation in the state (McKercher 1999). Opportunities- Singapore is based on the center place in Asia, and thats why it can be easily accessed by people. This holds great benefit for hosting the events, which prefer like to happen in their region. Tourist coming in Singapore enhances and therefore, the country takes this opportunity for strengthening the infrastructure and also create the entertainment in the hope that tourist will stay for a longer period (Newman 2010). Singapore also initiates the regional countries through enhancing the income through the tourism and subsequently it increases the GDP of the country. Incentives, meetings, exhibitions, and conventions are considered as another opportunity, by the opening of the entertainment resorts and MICE (Newman 2010). Threats- the primary threat faced by Singapore is terrorism that can quickly impact the country, as the country is getting crowded. As the country is small, the risk of attack is increasing; therefore, the security needs to get high in the country. Singapore has begun to build integrated resorts having the casinos that can quickly help in improving the economy of the country (Newman 2010). With such things in mind, country like Asia had started considering to build many casinos, by permitting to have the casino, but the same can create threat for the country. PEST Analysis Political- political factors includes the government and the regulations that determine how the country can rely over how well the things are actually governed. As far as the case of Singapore is considered, there are various rules and regulations. It can be regarded as the better point for maintaining the order and quiet in the country, too (or intending to) secure the tourist (Newman 2010). By initiating the strict rules for preventing the terrorism from occurring, for instance, the bombing of London train, Singapore had open up the security command in public transport to patrol the transport for ensuring that security and safety of public transport and their users. Economic- Economy is considered as one of the highest high, active contribution towards the country (Newman 2010). The key bulk is towards contributing to GDP of the country that is 3%, from the tax revenue, which needs to be paid by the tourist and result towards improving the domestic economy. Also the multiplier impact need to go by paying the tickets for coming in country to spend over the fees of entrance while visiting the attractions and spending over the souvenirs and food. Socio-culture- Social as well as culture includes the culture of people residing in any country (Nuez, Lacasa, Gomez and Luque 2012). Tourism helps in creating the interest in domestic crafts and arts along with activities of traditional culture which cover up the cultural life of local population and traditions of architecture. This support in promoting the awareness of the various culture and also require to conserve it that holds cultural and aesthetic value and come with cultural tourism (Nuez, Lacasa, Gomez and Luque 2012). Technological- in the case of the technical system for keeping up the trends of tourism, requires their system to be upgraded, have speed, readily available and even user-friendly. Many improvements were made in the system of internet booking as it leads towards more efficiency and helps in time-saving booking. It can even support in catering towards more tourism at a time (Nuez, Lacasa, Gomez and Luque 2012). People can even try to check the destinations, which they prefer to visit before booking the ticket. Environment- As per the perspective of people, the effect of tourism towards the environment is mainly negative, but at the same time, some benefits result look more confident. What is done is primarily through stimulating the tourist for protecting the environment such as wildlife and landscape (Nuez, Lacasa, Gomez and Luque 2012). Tourism can also support in promoting to set up the World Wildlife Fund and national park and wildlife reserves. Porters five forces Threats of new entrants- every business holds competition among the companies. In order to increase the business and to require to stay at top position, businessman nature tries to create competition in the companies (Page and Connell 2006). The new entrants try to come with extra capacity in the industry. It is also considered as the threat in previous business that might lose the share in market. All the new entrants might create key change in the environment of market. Each business person needs to work on attracting the profitable business within the market. If there exist high profit in the industry, then, in that case, all people need to spend their money towards joining the business (Page and Connell 2006). It also tries to create new entrants that directly impact the companies. Threats of substitutes- the services as well as products, which are produced in the single industry most likely to hold the replacements. It creates risks, as they try to limit the ability towards charging the company at high cost. If there are different alternative items with the less cost for attaining better performance as compared to the high cost of articles for the common purpose, then, in that case, people often prefer to have less value of products (Page and Connell 2006). Through the high cost, there exist the possibility to stay in the market. Therefore, there are threats of substitute in the company market. Threatt of substitutes relies on the variation in cost (Newman 2002). Due to the people attaining the items that hold common aim, and there is the difference in price among items. Then in that case customers often prefer to have fewer cost issues, instead of high-cost items (Page and Connell 2006). Bargaining power of supplier- Bargaining power of vendors holds the ability towards influencing on establishing the price. It tries to assess how easy it would be for providers for driving the price. Suppliers can try to create an impact on the company through exerting the pressure on high cost or either through minimizing the quality (Przeclawski 1993). If there are many suppliers within the market, the business person can try to collect the best quality item for a similar aim, whose cost is less. They can select the vendors that can offer the profit margin for business. Due to each business to get successful, it can increase profits (Scott, Baggio and Cooper 2008). Bargaining power of buyers- Bargaining power relies on the differentiation level among industry items. It builds over the customer cost by switching from single supplier towards other (Ravasz and Barabsi 2003). If the customers attain more profit margin through other providers, it can let other exist. If the customers achieve more profit margin through the other vendors, it can lead others to stay. When the customers buy from other company, it presents the small as well as large proportion of total purchase made by customers (Ravasz and Barabsi 2003). Rivalry among current competitors- the competitive rivalry intensity in the tourism industry will impact the industry profitability completely. In business, there exist competition in various firms (Santos, Rodrigues and Pacheco 2005). Increasing sales can lead other companies to reduce their sales. In this case, they can invest in prices over campaign of sales promotion, such as new product development and advertising (Ravasz and Barabsi 2003). They try to create products better when compared with competitors. Conclusions Ecotourism always refers to the alternative tourism solution in various cases. Ecotourism permits to have the alternative towards holding mass tourism, instead of just benefitting the environment, along with domestic population. Including the people from local areas through the planning stages, incomplete development of tourism is essential for attaining ecotourism success. In this manner, they will provide advantage through tourism revenue, and becoming aware that is advantageous for environment, instead of holding wealth and power transformation of people. References Baggio, R. 2011. Collaboration and cooperation in a tourism destination: a network science approach. Current Issues in Tourism, 14(2), pp. 183-189. Baggio, R., and Baggio, J. A. 2013. Modeling Information Asymmetries in Tourism. In M. Kozak, S. S. Lebe, L. Andreu, J. Gnoth A. Fyall (Eds.), Tourism Marketing: On Both Sides of the Counter (pp. 156-174). Newcastle upon Tyne, UK: Cambridge Scholars Publishing. Baggio, R., and Sainaghi, R. 2011. Complex and chaotic tourism systems: towards a quantitative approach. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 23(6), pp. 840-861. Baggio, R., Scott, N., and Cooper, C. 2010. Improving tourism destination governance: a complexity science approach. Tourism Review, 65(4), pp. 51-60. Baggio, R., Scott, N., and Cooper, C. 2010. Network science - a review focused on tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 37(3), pp. 802827. Campanharo, A. S. L. O., Sirer, M. I., Malmgren, R. D., Ramos, F. M., and Amaral, L. A. N. 2011. Duality between Time Series and Networks. PLoS ONE, 6(8), pp. 233-78. Carlsen, J. 1999. A systems approach to island tourism destination management. Systems Research and Behavioral Science, 16(4), pp. 321-327. Chao, F., and Jin-Li, G. 2012. Visitor flow pattern of Expo 2010. Chinese Physics B, 21(7), pp. 70-99. Cole, S. 2009. A Logistic Tourism Model: Resort Cycles, Globalization, and Chaos. Annals of Tourism Research, 36(4), pp. 689-714. Cooper, C., Fletcher, J., Gilbert, D., Fayall, A., and Wanhill, S. 2005. Tourism Principles and Practice (3rded.). Harlow, UK: Pearson Education. da Fontoura Costa, L., Rodrigues, A., Travieso, G., and Villas Boas, P. R. 2007. Characterization of complex networks: A survey of measurements. Advances in Physics, 56(1), pp. 167-242. Donner, R. V., Small, M., Donges, J. F., Marwan, N., Zou, Y., Xiang, R., and Kurths, J. 2010. Recurrence based time series analysis by means of complex network methods. International Journal of Bifurcation and Chaos, 21(4), pp. 1019-1046. Farrell, B. H., and Twining-Ward, L. 2004. Reconceptualizing Tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 31(2), pp. 274-295. Faulkner, B., and Russell, R. 2001. Turbulence, chaos and complexity in tourism systems: a research direction for the new millennium. In B. Faulkner, G. Moscardo E. Laws (Eds.), Tourism in the 21st century: lessons from experience (pp. 328-349). London: Continuum. Faulkner, B., and Valerio, P. 1995. An integrative approach to tourism demand forecasting. Tourism Management, 16(1), pp. 29-37. Framke, W. 2002. The Destination as a Concept: A Discussion of the Business-related Perspective versus the Socio-cultural Approach in Tourism Theory. Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism, 2(2), pp. 92-108. McKercher, B. 1999. A Chaos Approach to Tourism. Tourism Management, 20, pp. 425-434. Newman, M. E. J. 2002. Mixing patterns in networks. Physical Review E, 67, pp. 261-266. Newman, M. E. J. 2010. Networks - An introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Nuez, A. M., Lacasa, L., Gomez, J. P., and Luque, B. 2012. Visibility Algorithms: A Short Review. In Y. Zhang (Ed.), New Frontiers in Graph Theory (pp. 119-152). Rijeka, Croatia: InTech. Page, S. J., and Connell, J. 2006. Tourism: a modern synthesis (2nd ed.). London: Thomson. Przeclawski, K. 1993. Tourism as the subject of interdisciplinary research. In R. W. Butler D. Pearce (Eds.), Tourism Research: Critiques and Challenges (pp. 9-19). London: Routledge. Ravasz, E., and Barabsi, A.-L. 2003. Hierarchical organization in complex networks. Physical Review E, 67, pp. 26-112. Santos, F. C., Rodrigues, J. F., and Pacheco, J. M. 2005. Epidemic spreading and cooperation dynamics on homogeneous small-world networks. Physical Review E, 72(5), pp. 056-128. Scott, N., Baggio, R., and Cooper, C. 2008. Network Analysis and Tourism: From Theory to Practice. Clevedon, UK: Channel View.

Tucurui Dam Project in Brazil Essay Example

Tucurui Dam Project in Brazil Paper With 45 000 large dams throughout the world, it is clear that dams have made a crucial assistance to human development, and the advantages derived from them have been significant. Similar to all development options, assessments on dams and their alternatives must consider a vast range of requirements, expectations, aims and confinements. Dams have both costs and benefits, making these costs and benefits balance is a exceedingly delicate task. In several cases an inappropriate and often unnecessary cost has been made to achieve those benefits, particularly in social and environmental terms; the Tucurui Dam in Brazil being one of these cases. The Tucurui Dam is situated on the lower Tocantins River within the Tocantins-Araguaia River Basin adjacent to the Amazon basin in north-eastern Brazil. The complex was constructed with the chief objective of producing hydropower, with the secondary goal of supplying a navigable river route being introduced later. The complete cost of Tucurui was US $7. 5 billion, this total exhibiting a 77% cost overrun. The people of Pari State perceived an association between hydropower and shipping as a chance to stimulate the local economy. One must note that fundamentally, the social and political receptivity to the Tucurui hydropower complex at the regional level rested on the prospect of linking the two sectors. However, the locals are yet to see this prospect in action. The construction of the locks was hobbled by a shortage of funding, and ground to a halt in 1989, the remaining parts for the lock system were said to be completed with Phase II of the project. Yet uncertainty loiters over Phase II construction schedule, with relation to the building of the locks. We will write a custom essay sample on Tucurui Dam Project in Brazil specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Tucurui Dam Project in Brazil specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Tucurui Dam Project in Brazil specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Additionally, although the communities around the area of the complex anticipated that the project would stimulate the development of the region, shockingly they did not receive electricity from the project until 1997, when, only as a consequence of intense pressure from local groups, a step-down substation was constructed to cater for the locals. Conversely, on a wider scale hydropower now accounts for 90% of the total power consumption in Brazil with Greenhouse Gas emissions lower compared to the emissions from alternative sources of electricity generation from Tucurui ; diesel, heavy oil and coal, thus herein lies a benefit for the environment. Alternatively, the installation of power production enabled Tucurui to replace thermo-power plants in the North east which were supplying power to the industries in Beli m at a greater cost. In 1998 with the integration to the South/South east System via the Tucurui -Serra da Mesa power line, electricity was sold to South east Brazil; the most distinguished economy in the country. Moreover, the construction of the Tucurui hydropower complex was a vital element in the regional and national policies influencing the globalisation process of Brazil. With a favourable economic environment and subsidised inputs the state mining company, Companhia Vale do Rio Doce, was able to evolve into one of the worlds major iron ore producers. Furthermore, the provision of competitive subsidised power supplied incentives for the migration of energy intensive industries from developing countries burdened with very high energy costs into Brazil. Alternatively, the globalisation process is highlighted in this sector with the involvement of trans-national corporations from the major economic strongholds of the United States and Japan. Yet imperatively, although gains for dominant industries were established, there was an absence of widespread positive results that had been predicted for the national and regional economies; as ever with globalisation the rewards are very concentrated to a minor assembly who are commonly foreigners. Additionally, even when there was some regional development it was isolated to enclaves surrounding metallurgical industries. Pressures from its international associates caused Brazil to make allowances, especially in terms of inexpensive energy prices, severely affecting economic profits at the national level, with insignificant or no return for the region. It seems therefore that even when parts of the economy have benefited from the project it is limited to or dependant on foreign corporations, thus there are benefits but at the cost of economic vulnerability. Before the project was constructed subsistence agriculture was the dominant means of survival for communities. Fishing was also prevalent in the region before the erecting of the dam, with an estimated catch of 1,534 tons/year, however catch data shows that the project meant that the area saw a 29% decline, with a reduction from 173 to 123 fish species. Not only were livelihoods put at risk by the death of species caused by a number of reasons, the chief being water quality due to euthropication, but it is another example of the most richly endowed and most distinct on the globe being destroyed for slight economic gains in an unequal trading system. The project involved submersion of 2,850 km2 of land including large areas of rainforest for the reservoir. It must be noted that a Wildlife Working Group was set up to prepare a Wildlife Development Inventory Plan, this was the most extensive and the most costly wildlife rescue carried out in Amazonia with a total investment of US $30. Conversely, the demographic effects of the project were highly significant, with the prospect of gaining construction or associated employment attracting huge influxes of migrants multiplying the population of the immediate area six-fold. However, this severely strained the infrastructure of the region and resulted in the growth of favelas, which promote ill health, crime and poverty. During the resettlement process, over 14,000 people formerly resident in the areas inundated by the reservoir were relocated, this resettlement process occurred exceedingly late and in a confined way with no thought given to the livelihood patterns of the families. This oversight was no more evident than when riverbank communities were placed inland and the extractive communities were settled in lands requiring farming in the adjoining areas. Likewise, consideration for compensation neglected the amount of work invested in the land, as well as the cultural logic, and social and historical environment of local communities. One must note that the local health impacts of constructing the Tucurui Hydropower Complex are notable and negative. The lack of sanitary infrastructure, safe drinking water and the use of smudge pots to deflect mosquitoes made them exposed to diseases such as malaria, diarrhoea, verminoses and respiratory problems. This coupled with the growth in population caused by the inflow of immigrants, resulted in a marked upsurge in the occurrence of vector transmitted diseases such as malaria, schistosomiasis, as well as industrial accidents, alcoholism, sexually transmitted diseases and AIDS. In 1980 during the construction stage of the project the infant mortality rates for the Tucurui municipal district was more than six times larger than the rest of Pari State and five times the infant mortality rate for all of Brazil. It is clear that the local population paid the cost for the project small farmers, indigenous communities and riverbank dwellers, homes, livelihoods and health were adversely affected by the project. It is also clear that that the undoubted benefits of the dam are not gained within Brazil but by foreign investors. The project was constructed despite the locals initial hopes, to try and shape Brazil, so that it is more competitive on the world market, yet it has resulted in is destroying the invaluable environment, causing health problems an has displaced locals into inappropriate areas. Ironically, it seems that the scheme resulted in Brazil becoming extremely vulnerable to trans-national companies with generally insignificant local profit. Although one may argue that this is the case for all countries due to the increasingly global nature of world trade it is more apparent in developing countries such as Brazil, who do not have as stronger internal industries as the developed countries do, such as Japan,, thus meaning that they are exceedingly reliant and hence more vulnerable to the decisions of trans- national companies. In conclusion, I believe that the scheme was unjustified, not only in financial terms but also in social and environmental terms too. Dams alter landscapes and create risks of irrevocable impacts. The debate about dams is a debate concerning the very aim and pathways for accomplishing all growth and development. Similar to all development propositions, unless dams attempt to promote integrated development actions for rural areas, stress renewable energy projects (which the scheme did) improve the quality of life for local communities, whilst taking into regard the fact that the urban populace has easier access to the advantages of these enterprises, then they will continue to exhibit more costs than benefits.

5 Tips on How to Write a Personal Statement for College

5 Tips on How to Write a Personal Statement for College 5 Tips on How to Write a Personal Statement for College When applying to study at college, you might be asked to provide a personal statement. This is a brief explanation of who you are and what makes you a good candidate, going into more depth than simply listing a GPA, qualifications or test scores. But what should a personal statement include? And how can you use yours effectively? 1. Make it Personal As the name might suggest, a personal statement should be personal. This includes your academic achievements, but you’ll also want to add a bit about your life more generally, like your passions and interests outside of studying or significant events from your past. My past? Sure, Ive seen some things(Photo: wikimedia/Dukeofsully3) The important thing is to communicate something about you as a person. Writing about challenges you’ve overcome, for instance, could help to show that you’re resourceful when faced with a problem. 2. Aims and Objectives As well as your education so far, your personal statement should include something about your aims and objectives. In the short term these might be directly related to the course you’re applying to study, but you should also consider how your studies fit into a long-term career plan. Applicant: I want to study marine biology so I can fulfill my long-term ambition to become Lobster Santa.College admissions officer: Welcome aboard! 3. Do Your Research While you can use a template to save time when making several applications, each personal statement you write should be tailored to the specific college to which you’re applying. Taking a look at the school’s website is a good start, as you should be able to find information about the course and faculty there. You could also contact a faculty member to ask about the program, which could help you explain why you want to study there in particular. 4. Show Off! In a personal statement, you need to sell yourself as a student, focusing on what makes you a better choice than the other candidates. It therefore never hurts to show off your subject knowledge and achievements. Don’t go into too much depth, as it’s also important that your personal statement is concise and easy to read. But mentioning specific research interests and any personal qualities that you think would make you a valuable addition to the school community is a great approach. Im mostly interested in heliospheric space plasmas, but I also make a mean mojito. 5. Redrafting and Proofreading Since your personal statement is all about making a good first impression, perfecting and proofreading it before submitting your application is vital. As such, after you’ve written a first draft, take some time away before making revisions. This will help you to spot mistakes you might otherwise miss, helping to maximize your statements impact.

Get a Description and Diagram of Thalamus Gray Matter

Get a Description and Diagram of Thalamus Gray Matter Thalamus: The thalamus is a large, dual lobed mass of gray matter buried under the cerebral cortex. It is involved in sensory perception and regulation of motor functions. The thalamus is a limbic system structure and it connects areas of the cerebral cortex that are involved in sensory perception and movement with other parts of the brain and spinal cord that also have a role in sensation and movement. As a regulator of sensory information, the thalamus also controls sleep and awake states of consciousness. The thalamus sends out signals in the brain to reduce the perception of and response to sensory information, such as sound during sleep. Function: The thalamus is involved in several functions of the body including: Motor ControlReceives Auditory, Somatosensory, and Visual Sensory SignalsRelays Sensory Signals to the Cerebral Cortex Memory Formation and Emotional ExpressionPain PerceptionControls Sleep and Awake States The thalamus has nerve connections with the cerebral cortex and hippocampus. In addition, connections with the spinal cord allow the thalamus to receive sensory information from the peripheral nervous system and various regions of the body. This information is then sent to the appropriate area of the brain for processing. For example, the thalamus sends touch sensory information to the somatosensory cortex of the parietal lobes. It sends visual information to the visual cortex of the occipital lobes and auditory signals are sent to the auditory cortex of the temporal lobes. Location: Directionally, the thalamus is situated at the top of the brainstem, between the cerebral cortex and midbrain. It is superior to the hypothalamus. Divisions: The thalamus is divided into three sections by the internal medullary lamina. This Y-shaped layer of white matter formed of myelinated fibers divides the thalamus into anterior, medial, and lateral parts. Diencephalon: The thalamus is a component of the diencephalon. The diencephalon is one of two major divisions of the forebrain. It consists of the thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus (including the pineal gland), and subthalamus (ventral thalamus). Diencephalon structures form the floor and lateral wall of the third ventricle. The third ventricle is part of a system of linked cavities (cerebral ventricles) in the brain that extend to form the central canal of the spinal cord. Thalamus Damage: Damage to the thalamus may result in a number of problems related to sensory perception. Thalamic syndrome is condition that causes an individual to experience excessive pain or a loss of sensation in limbs. Damage to areas of the thalamus that are associated with visual sensory processing can cause visual field problems. Damage to the thalamus can also result in sleep disorders, memory problems, and auditory issues.

Attributes of an Effective Teacher Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Attributes of an Effective Teacher - Essay Example As opposed to the traditional perception that the duty of the teacher is to "stuff" students with knowledge, I agree with the Socratic philosophy that learning should be elicited from the students. The understanding that students are imbued with the innate capability to reason and indeed the capacity to learn by the constant utilization of this rational skill should be the first attribute of an effective teacher. I believe that a teacher should recognize this innate skill of the student because it will change the approach that he uses in teaching. Ever since I started to become a private tutor, I have always believed in the capacity of the mind of the student under my tutelage. Thus, instead of just spoon-feeding them and "stuffing" them with facts and information, I tried to sharpen their ability to reason by asking questions as we go along the lessons. Instead of directly explaining forward what happens during a physical change, I challenged them by describing what happens when ice turns into water. This approach enables them to participate more in the lesson and made them better scientists. I have been using this approach ever since and I am confident that I will be remembered as the tutor who did not only passed on knowledge but draw them out of the students. In effect, I significantly enhanced the rational ability of all the students who were under my tutelage. The second trait of an effective teacher is his possession of adequate knowledge coupled with mastery of his field. This follows with the logical argument that a person can never pass on what he does not have. It should be noted that what the student learn is limited with the amount of knowledge that the teacher posses. In the maximum, he can only be as good as the teacher and this makes it imperative for a teacher to equip himself with all the knowledge in his field possible. The basic requirement for a French as a second language teacher is the fluency and mastery of the French language. Having born and grown in Algeria, French has been my mother tongue and Arabic is my second language. Thus, I am more than fluent in French and more importantly, I am very much confident in English language skills which will also enable me to teach French efficiently to English speaking students. During my travels as a flight attendant, I have used both French and English in conversing with passeng ers. A teacher's knowledge is futile without the good communication skill to impart this to his students. I believe that knowing is different from communicating what you know. There are a lot of people who are gifted with knowledge but are unable to communicate them well. Thankfully, I am blessed with both abilities. Having worked as a bilingual client representative, I am tasked to communicate with customers through all their account situations imparting my knowledge as well as the service that they deserve. This has not been easy as I know that I was not just communicating facts but is representing the company with these dealings. However, my good communication skills helped the company to address customer concerns and retain major customers. Flexibility defines the commitment, dedication, and sincerity which a teacher puts in his profession.

Crisis Management Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Crisis Management - Research Paper Example This report will present a brief overview of crisis associated with the companies that is, organizational crisis will be the main area of study. In addition, this report will also present insights of the modern crisis management techniques adopted by organizations around the world. Furthermore, the report will also throw light on the cases where companies have faced crisis situation and how they dealt and overcame that situation. In this context the company which has been chosen to depict the importance of crisis management and also to reveal how the company surmounted the situation is Nokia. After that, depending upon the findings of the literature study a conclusion will be drawn. Finally some recommendations will be also provided by which will assist companies to address different forms of crisis. Defining Crisis Eminent scholars have stressed on the fact that crisis is a threat to organizations, an unexpected element and short periods of risk (Akers, 2007, p.11). It can affect ev ery segments of the social order that include educational institutions, non profits, churches, business, families, government etc. This study will however focus on the issue in the context of an organization. For an organization crisis can be illustrated as an anomalous and uncharacteristic situation or perception, which is beyond the control of an organization and also threatens to impact their operation. Several cases have also pointed out that if a possible crisis is identified at the initial stage, it will have least impact or the impact can be minimized to a large extent. On the other hand if a company fails to determine the possible crisis at the initial stage, it can adversely affect the operation of an organization. Even in some cases, a crisis can also threaten the survival of a business. Hence for them to survive and operate effectively in the market place, superior crisis management techniques and tools should be in place (Fearn-Banks, 2010, p.2). Defining Crisis Manageme nt Crisis management is simply defined as a systematic effort to circumvent or manage the crisis that an organization may face during its lifetime. The concept of crisis management was initiated during the 1980s, when large number of environmental and industrial disasters took place (Barton, 2007, p.5). In order to manage a crisis effectively an organization should consider a systematic approach towards the improvement process as it is indispensable to safeguard the reputation of company along with its brands. Therefore companies should enlighten their customers about the happening and to some extent is necessary for survival (Khodarahmi, 2009, p.524). Additionally, eminent scholars such as Appelbaum, Keller, Alvarez & Bedard (2012) added that relatively modern concepts such as strategic planning can also be effective in managing organizational crisis to a satisfactory level. The authors also put emphasis on the fact that a number of US corporations are employing this concept to for ecast and deal with the issues, threats or problems that are beyond the operating control of the firms. Discussion Eminent scholars such as Dinant and Miller have identified seminal researchers in the same field of study. They categorized the study into two major groups namely macro and micro sizes. The primary intention of their study was to offer insights regarding the most committed

Negative Impact of Social Websites Essay Example for Free

Negative Impact of Social Websites Essay Social networking has greatly impacted society, especially when it comes down to common sites such as Facebook, My space, or even Twitter. It has been noticed to have both a negative and positive effect on society. Although social networks can have good and positive effect on people but unfortunately it has plenty of negative effects on students. Through reports its evaluated that social networking sites has formed a new kind of addiction which we call the social media addiction and it is quite true in using Facebook,twitter,hi5 etc. Are you addicted to Facebook? Twitter? hi5? (etc. Some students would say yes and some would say no. It depends on the level of cravings. But it was found that a lot of students are by now addicted to it, to the extent that their school performance is affected. Children who spend much of their time online find it harder to focus in class and have short attention span, Researchers have found it out through the samples that 7 out of 10 teachers said that their students are becoming addicted with social websites such as Facebook or twitter. Their students tend to study while using Facebook or twitter and it shows that they got 20% lower grades. Social sites using students even perform study related task without completion for the reason that they spend more time looking on their updates about their friends and look up for their notifications rather than finishing their school tasks. Aside that Facebook affects student’s academic performance; it also has an effect on student’s emotional health. Students feel connected to others but study shows that they manifest depression through seeing their status updates. Some would utilize the site to express what they feel towards their rival in school or even outside the campus. They would blurt out through posting status that would target their opponent just to hurt their feelings. 1. Teenagers who use Facebook more often show more narcissistic tendencies while young adults who have a strong Facebook presence show more signs of other psychological disorders, including antisocial behaviors, mania and aggressive tendencies. 2. Daily overuse of media and technology has a negative effect on the health of all children, preteens and teenagers by making them more prone to depression, and other psychological disorders, as well as by making them more susceptible to future health problems. . Students mostly use slang words or shortened forms of words on social networking sites. They start relying on the computer grammar and spelling check features. This reduces their command over the language and their creative writing skills. 4. The student’s motivational level reduces due to the use of these social networking sites. They rely on the virtual environment inste ad of gaining practical knowledge from the real world. 5. The more time the students spend on these social media sites, the less time they will spend socializing in person with others. This reduces their communication skills. They will not be able to communicate and socialize effectively in person with others. The employers are getting more and more unsatisfied with the communication skills of the fresh graduates due to this reason. The effective communication skills are a key to success in the real world. 6. Facebook and other sites can be very distracting for students and can impact negatively on their learning, reports have proved that the students who check their Facebook or social account at least once is a study time of 15 minutes has scored lower grades in their studies. For sure there can be many other reasons for a student’s inattention in studies. But somehow social networks like Facebook, Orkut, and Twitter etc. have a negative impact on the education of some students. Facebook could make students vain for better or for worse and it is the parent’s and teacher’s duty to watch and guide their children to get the utmost good benefits from Social networking website. GOOD MIND ALWAYS GOOD FIND